Informatics Publishing Limited

Dhiraj A. Khairnar ¹, Avinash B. Darekar ¹, Ravindra B. Saudagar ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmaceutics, KCT'S R. G. Sapkal College of Pharmacy, Anjaneri, Dist. Nashik-422212, Maharashtra, IN
2 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, KCT'S R.G. Sapkal College of Pharmacy, Anjaneri, Dist.Nashik- 422212, Maharashtra, IN

Abstract

Chewing gum has been used for centuries to clean the mouth or refresh the breath. Chewing gum was patented for first time on filed in 1869 and the first medicated chewing gum was commercially made available 1928. In 1991 The European Pharmacopoeia defines medicated chewing gum as ''solid, single-dose preparations with a base consisting mainly of gum that are intended to be chewed but not swallowed''. Chewing gum is an excellent drug delivery system for self-medication as it is convenient and can be administered discretely without water or any other liquid. Basics of the gum formulation, quality control tests, regulatory and safety issues have been addressed to ensure desired therapeutic effects. The release of a drug from chewing gum is dependent upon its water solubility. Water soluble substances are released rapidly and completely from chewing gum and methods are available which retard their release from chewing gum to provide an extended release profile. Slightly water soluble drugs are released slowly and incompletely from chewing gum and require special formulation techniques to produce a satisfactory release profile.

Keywords

Medicated Chewing Gum, Oral Drug Delivery, Buccal Drug Delivery, Increased Release, Elastomer.

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Dhiraj A. Khairnar ¹, Avinash B. Darekar ¹, Ravindra B. Saudagar ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmaceutics, KCT'S R.G. Sapkal College of Pharmacy, Anjaneri, Dist.Nashik-422212, Maharashtra, IN
2 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, KCT'S R.G. Sapkal College of Pharmacy, Anjaneri, Dist.Nashik- 422212, Maharashtra, IN

Abstract

The SMEDDS are the isotropic mixture of oil, surfactant and co-surfactant. SMEDDS solve the problem of all BCS class of drug such as solubility, high molecular weight, pre systemic first pass effect, enzymatic degradation, gastric irritation and also increase the bioavailability and stability of drug. Currently a number of technologies are available to deal with the poor solubility, dissolution rate and bioavailability of insoluble drugs one of them is Self‐Micro Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SMEDDS). lipid based formulations, selfmicroemulsifying formulations (droplet size <100 nm) are evident to improve the oral bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs primarily due to their efficiency in facilitating solubilization and in presenting the hydrophobic drug in solubilized form whereby dissolution process can be circumvented.

Keywords

SMEDDS, Hydrophobic Drugs, Surfactant, Oil, Co-Surfactant, Bioavailability.

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Swapnil R. Lahamage ¹, Avinash B. Darekar ¹, Ravindra B. Saudagar ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmaceutics, KCT'S R.G. Sapkal College of Pharmacy, Anjenari, Dist. Nashik-422212, Maharashtra, IN
2 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, KCT'S R.G. Sapkal College of Pharmacy, Anjenari, Dist. Nashik-422212, Maharashtra, IN

Abstract

Co-crystal consists of API and a stoichiometric amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable co-crystal former. Pharmaceutical Co-crystal is non-ionic supramolecular complexes and can be used to address physical property issues such as solubility, stability and bioavailability in pharmaceutical development without changing the chemical composition of the API. Co-crystal is a crystalline entity formed by two different or more molecular entities where the intermolecular interactions are weak forces like hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking. Super porous systems, biodegradable hydrogel systems. Co crystallization alters the molecular interaction and composition of pharmaceutical materials, and is considered better alternative to optimize drug properties. The article gives brief review on the co-crystallization, selection of appropriate co former and preparation of co crystals, different techniques of co-crystallization, physicochemical properties, characterization and applications.

Keywords

Pharmaceutical Co-Crystal, Method of Preparation, Characterization of Co-Crystal, and Applications.

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Amit A. Dhengale ¹, Avinash B. Darekar ¹, R. B. Saudagar ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmaceutics, R. G. Sapkal College of Pharmacy, Anjaneri, Nashik-422213, Maharashtra, IN
2 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. G. Sapkal College of Pharmacy, Anjaneri, Nashik-422213, Maharashtra, IN

Abstract

Pulsatile drug delivery system are gaining a lot of importance as these system deliver the drug at specific time as per the pathophysiological need of disease ,resulting in improved patient compliance and therapeutic efficiency. Disease where in PDDS are promising include asthama, peptic ulcer, arthritis, cardio vascular disease, peptic ulcer, attention deficit syndrome in children and hypercholesteromia. PDDS can be classified in time controlled system where the drug controlled primarily by the delivery system, stimuli induced PDDS in which release is controlled by the stimuli, like the ph or enzyme present in the intestinal tract or enzyme present in drug delivery system and externally regulated system where release is programmed by external stimuli like magnetism, ultrasound, electric effect and irradiation. The current article focuses on the disease requiring PDDS, methodologies involved for the existing system, recent update and PDDS product currently available in the market.

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